This article was produced and financed by NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research - read more
US immigrants adopt native food habits after five years
Upon arrival in the US, immigrants had a lower consumption of meat and a higher consumption of fruits and vegetables. However, after five years in the country, immigrants’ food habits converged towards a less healthy American diet.
This is the result of a new study recently published in the Agricultural and Resource Economics Review.
“We found that most immigrant groups initially had a higher consumption of milk, fruit and vegetables, and lower consumption of meat and processed meat, compared to US born citizens. After a couple of years, most immigrant groups gradually adopted a higher consumption of meat, and a lower consumption of milk, fruit and vegetables”, says Geir Wæhler Gustavsen, researcher at NIBIO and main author of the study.
“This indicates that immigrants gradually adopt food habits more equal to their new country of residence. I believe it can also be the case for Norway and other countries”, says Gustavsen.
His research field is within consumer behaviour, statistics and econometric models, and he is studying the relationships between economics, demography and food consumption.
Diets changed for the worse after a few months
Caroline Stocks, a freelance agricultural journalist from the UK, moved to Arizona, south-western USA, in January.
"After only a few months of living in the US, my diet has definitely changed for the worse," she says. "It's so much easier and cheaper to buy processed foods here, that when I'm out of the house we eat far more unhealthily than we ever did in the UK.
As well as portion sizes often being much larger than in the UK, meat makes up a greater part of US diets than it does in Europe. According to UN Food and Agriculture a US citizen eats in average 124.10 kg meat annually, compared to 79,89 kg meat per year in the UK.
"I've travelled a lot in the US reporting on agriculture, and in many places the culture is to eat meat every day," Stocks adds.
"It's no surprise that if people move to the US and try to integrate with their community and neighbours, their diets don't remain as healthy as they once were."
Variations within some of the ethnic groups
The researchers used large population studies from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the years 1999–2012. The survey is still going on and includes a dietary intake module known as What We Eat in America (WWEIA). Individuals participating in this module reported what they eat for two days and submit a detailed description of each food and beverage consumed. This information can be further matched with an individual’s age, ethnicity (race), household income, education and other demographic characteristics, as captured in the broader NHANES study.
Econometric models consist of mathematic equations, economic theory and data to understand human behaviour. Such models were used to estimate daily consumption of major food products among groups of Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites who are born in the US, and the corresponding immigrant groups.
“Based on socioeconomic data and eating habits, we constructed econometric models for groups of immigrants and the corresponding groups of US citizens. The models were used to compare consumption of five selected food groups between immigrants and people born in the US.”
The researchers made adjustments for socioeconomic factors such as age, gender and income, so that all groups were compared at the same point.
“The models for immigrants were then used to simulate the consumption level, and probabilities of daily consumption after five years”, explains Gustavsen.
For most of the groups, the models indicate that the immigrants gradually adopt a US dietary pattern as their time in the US increases. However, there are large variation within some of the ethnic groups.
“After five years, whites have an increased probability of daily meat consumption and a reduced level of daily fruit consumption. Blacks have both reduced probabilities and levels of daily milk and fruit consumption, and Asians have increased probability and level of daily meat consumption and reduced probability of daily fruit consumption,” says Gustavsen.
Recommend government measures to prevent obesity among immigrants
At the end of the study, the authors reflect upon how their findings may have implications for food and health policies, given that the diets of US-born respondents are generally correlated with high obesity rates.
According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) more than 40 per cent of adults in the US are obese. Obesity and various dietary risk factors lead to chronic diseases associated with mortality, disability, and ever-increasing health care costs.
“One option is that the US government may use introduction programs for immigrants to prevent the different groups, and especially the poorest, from adopting American dietary habits", says Gustavsen.
At the same time, he acknowledges that among the challenges connected to food habits are availability, income and price levels.
The cheapest calories available for low-income families are in processed foods, which serve as dietary risk factors for increased morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases.
Stocks confirms that price levels on fruits and vegetables in the US are an issue:
"One of the first things I noticed when I arrived was the high cost of fresh fruit and vegetables compared to the UK, and the expense makes me think more carefully about the types of food I buy. I'm a lot more conscious of food waste, which is definitely a good thing, but there's no doubt that the cost makes buying fresh produce prohibitive for people on low incomes," she says.
Reference:
Wæhler Gustavsen, Geir et al, Ethnic Variation in Immigrants' Diets and Food Acculturation – United States 1999–2012, Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 2020
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