Films shape our understanding of the past

“Film is not necessarily a reflection of someone’s reality, but rather their experience of what it is like to live right there and then. It imparts a feeling about what it is like to be alive at a particular moment in time and space,” Timotheus Vermeulen says.

He is a professor of Media, Culture and Society at the University of Oslo (UiO).

Vermeulen is interested in how film affects culture and what it can tell us about it.

“Film is part of the ethos that we all share at a specific time and that structures the way we understand the world around us and our position in it. But this ethos also structures what we value and the choices we make, such as what kind of clothes we wear,” Kim Wilkins says.

She is a postdoctoral fellow in the Screen Cultures project at the Department of Media and Communication at UiO.

Together, Kim Wilkins and Timotheus Vermeulen have taken a deep dive into the films of American director Richard Linklater in their new book.

They claim that Linklater’s films are prime examples of how film can provide a snapshot of a culture at a specific point in time and at the same time exert an influence on the people who watch it.

The experience of contemporary culture is nuanced

One of the topics the researchers address in the book is Linklater’s position in modern American popular culture.

They do not identify any specific genre or category that his films can be placed into. Nor do they even want to.

In their opinion, it is the very fact that his films cannot be pinned down to a single category that makes them so interesting to study. They mirror how we experience culture in everyday life.

“We do not experience culture as divided into categories. It is perfectly possible to like a reality show like Love Island, but also a film by acclaimed French filmmaker Francois Ozon. We have different interests and cultural tastes that can happily co-exist,” Vermeulen explains.

A snapshot of America at a specific time

The trilogy Before Sunrise, Before Sunset and Before Midnight, and the films Dazed and Confused, Slacker, and Boyhood are probably Linklater’s best-known films. They explore topics such as encounters between random strangers, adolescence, and trying to fit into a community.

They are all set in America and feature American characters and situations, such as growing up, suburban life, and society in America.

Several of Linklater’s films such as Slacker and the Before trilogy had a major influence on popular culture in the 1990s.

“While the Before films romanticised a particular social and economic class, Slacker deftly depicts the atmosphere of life in small-town America in the 1990s. It captured the epoch,” Wilkins says.

The film was so popular that it became a kind of ad for Austin, Texas, where the film takes place. It is the number-one film people watch before going there.

A glimpse into a reality we have not lived ourselves

In addition to being highly varied, Linklater’s filmography is long, spanning over 30 years. According to the researchers, his depiction of gender in his earliest works, and the lack of non-white people, is questionable from a contemporary perspective.

“Some of his films have not aged particularly well. But I think it’s important that films provide us with a kind of smorgasbord of what it is like to live in a specific place and in a specific era. Films from the 1950s are very different from films from the 1970s, but both can give us a sense of what it was like living right then and there,” Vermeulen says.

Wilkins adds that films can show us situations and problems that are unknown to us. In this way, Linklater's films demonstrate how cinema provides us insight into certain experiences that we have not necessarily lived ourselves. This offers an empathetic way of seeing others and the world around us.

Communities without heroes and solutions

Recurrent themes in Linklater’s films are the choices people make and the importance of community. Many of his films depict how people form communities and build something together within a particular context.

Such as in the film Bad News Bears, where a ragtag group of young misfits are brought together through baseball. However, baseball does not resolve all their problems and differences.

“The kids in the film do not suddenly say to each other: 'Well, now I know what it's like to be you.’. In fact, that’s exactly what Linklater doesn’t want. The kids in the film continue to tease each other even though they’re on the same team. They still don’t understand what it’s like to be that person, but they do have an understanding of what it's like to be a different person,” Vermeulen explains.

In other films like Bernie, School of Rock, and Where’d You Go, Bernadette, the characters come to terms with aspects of their own personalities by engaging with the community. Like when the character Jack Black plays in School of Rock becomes a nicer person through his interaction with the schoolchildren he is a substitute teacher for.

“It is an important point that they do not realise themselves through their own talents or gifts. There are no great heroes like Kevin Costner or Bruce Willis,” Wilkins says.

Navigating a bad system

Linklater does not sugarcoat life in America in his films. Many of the characters in his films are alcoholics, misogynistic, and not necessarily good people.

Linklater blames the system, however, not the individuals.

“In most of his films, the characters are simply trying to find their way through the system they live in as best they can. For example, in Dazed and Confused, we follow a group of middle school boys trying to find their way in a system that is clearly rotten,” Vermeulen explains.

Slow form of activism

Although Linklater’s films depict the systems as meritocratic and corrupt, there are also opportunities to find meaning within them. In the midst of all the chaos, he depicts beautiful moments between people.

“I think his goal is to encourage people to look beyond themselves a little bit more, to listen and pay attention to other people, and really try to understand where someone is coming from and their situation,” Wilkins says.

She finds that Linklater’s way of criticising the systems is atypical of the times we live in.

“It’s not an outright criticism, where he tries to dictate what people should think. Rather, he sets out to show what happens to individuals in certain situations,” she explains.

Vermeulen adds that Linklater is often criticised for not being an activist or for being too romantic.

“I think his real message is that if we simply understood each other as people, or at least tried to, the systems he criticises would not be the way they are. So it’s not a political view, but an ethos – a slow form of activism,” he says.

Reference:

Kim Wilkins and Timotheus Vermeulen. ReFocus: The Films of Richard Linklater, Edinburgh University Press, 2022. (Summary)

This article/press release is paid for and presented by the University of Oslo

This content is created by the University of Oslo's communication staff, who use this platform to communicate science and share results from research with the public. The University of Oslo is one of more than 80 owners of ScienceNorway.no. Read more here.

See more content from the University of Oslo:

• 

  This is how researchers can detect invisible and odourless gases

• 

  Norwegian answer to ChatGPT is on its way

• 

  Cod has been dubbed the chicken of the sea

• 

  Two years after the invasion: A state of emergency to conduct research on Ukraine

• 

  Your kids’ screen time may be more creative than you think

• 

  New insight into severe liver disease