Researchers have developed a faster, cheaper, and more humane way to evaluate new PFAS substances

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large family of synthetic chemicals used in everything from non-stick cookware to firefighting foam. 

These substances are extremely resistant to degradation in the environment – hence their nickname ‘forever chemicals.’

“The fact that they remain in the environment for a long time, combined with how easily they spread through water and ecosystems, and their possible toxicity, are causing us increasing concern,” says You Song, a senior researcher at NIVA.

We know little about the effects of PFAS alternatives

“Older PFAS, such as PFOA, are now being phased out worldwide. However, many substitute PFAS substances are now coming onto the market instead, and we still know relatively little about their effects on the environment and health,” he says.

A new study led by the Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) has developed a method that makes it easier to assess the risks of PFAS. By using modern testing tools, the method also reduces the need for traditional animal testing.

The research addresses a key environmental challenge: how to assess the safety of new PFAS alternatives as older, well-known chemicals are phased out.

Animal-free testing of chemicals

In this study, the research team used an integrated NAM approach to evaluate eight new PFOA alternatives. The tests showed how toxic the substances are and at what levels they begin to be harmful or dangerous. 

These values were then compared with PFAS levels measured in wastewater and surface water.

“NAMs make it possible to use a larger amount of data to understand how chemicals affect living systems. The tool also makes it possible to assess substances much faster than with traditional animal testing,” says Song.

This approach reflects a change in Europe: The EU has committed to gradually reducing and eventually replacing animal testing in labs. 

What does this mean?

The study led by Song is a practical example of how new approaches can be used to evaluate the growing number of PFAS alternatives and other chemicals.

“Our work shows how the NAMs concept can bring together different types of data to create a clear picture of PFAS hazards based on new research. At the same time, we provide authorities with a basis for making informed decisions,” he says.

The new testing methods can help researchers and environmental authorities better understand and manage PFAS. They support a move towards more sustainable and future-oriented testing and use of chemicals.

Reference:

Song et al. Next Generation Risk Assessment of Emerging PFOA Alternatives Using Integrated New Approach Methodologies, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 59, 2025. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5c11122

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