This article was produced and financed by University of Bergen
Early Earth may have been freezing cold
Contrary to popular belief: When Earth’s first organisms were formed, it may have been in an ice cold ocean.
Many researchers believe that Earth’s early oceans were very hot, reaching 80 degrees Celsius, and that life originated in these conditions. New findings may prove the opposite to be true.
Harald Furnes, Professor Emeritus at the Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Norway, has analysed volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. The volcanic rocks were deposited at depths of two to four kilometres.
“We have found evidence that the climate 3.5 billion years ago was a cold environment,” says Furnes.
Along with Professor Maarten de Wit from Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa, Furnes has published the results in the journal Science Advances.
A cold globe
The rocks analysed by Furnes and de Wit were formed at latitudes comparable with that of the Canary Islands. Some of the sedimentary rocks associated with the volcanic rocks, show a remarkable resemblance to those known from more recent ice ages.
“This may indicate that Earth, 3.5 billion years ago, experienced an extensive, perhaps global, ice age,” Furnes says.
Past ocean temperatures are measured by analysing the relations between oxygen isotopes in rocks known as chert, which is composed of pure silicium-oxide. These South African rocks have been exposed to high temperatures. Even so, this is related to hydrothermal activity, or springs of extremely hot water, pumped from the ocean bed.
Similar to present climate
Additionally, the researchers found more proof indicating that these rocks had been exposed to cold water. By examining finely grained sedimentary rocks (originally a clay-like mud), that exists along with the deep-submarine volcanic rocks, the researchers found gypsum. Gypsum is produced under high pressure and at very cold temperatures, as in the present deep ocean.
”In other words, we have found independant lines of evidence that the climate conditions at this time may have been quite similar to the conditions we have today,” says Furnes.
Furnes thinks some researchers may have difficulties accepting the new knowledge of an early, cold Earth. A paradigm shift in Earth Science is not to be expected, but he thinks the climate of the early earth will be seen in a new light.
”I think that this will force research to go further,” he says.
