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Older marmot-mothers produce more successful daughters
WORLD WILDLIFE DAY: Researcher Dr. Svenja B. Kroeger at NIBIO has a passion for marmots and other furry creatures. She has studied how yellow-bellied marmots age and reproduce in the Colorado Rocky Mountains.
Yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer) are large, stout-bodied ground squirrels native to mountainous areas of southwestern Canada and western United States, including the Rocky Mountains. They typically live above 2000 meters elevation, where they experience harsh environmental conditions, and therefore hibernate for approximately eight months per year from September to May.
As part of her PhD, Svenja B. Kroeger spent two summers in the Colorado Rocky Mountains to collect data for a long-term study on yellow-bellied marmots.
“This study has been going on since 1962, and it was an amazing opportunity to use this long-term data set for my studies on marmot ageing”, she says.
“In the field, I was trapping and observing marmots”, she explains. “All the marmots had individually numbered ear tags, and in addition, we gave them fur marks on their backs using non-toxic cattle dye, so we could observe them from a distance.”
One male defending his harem
Marmots are sexually mature when they are two years old and may live up to an age of fifteen. They live in underground burrows, in colonies of up to twenty individuals, and there is usually one dominant male in each colony.
“Yellow-bellied marmots have a “harem-polygynous” mating system”, Dr. Kroeger explains. “This means a male defends and mates with one or more females in his territory.”
“Generally, the dominant male fathers all the offspring in his territory. However, sometimes, non-dominant males may “sneak-mate” with females in a dominant male’s territory.”
Reproduction differed according to age of mother
In her PhD at the University of Aberdeen, Dr. Kroeger looked at how a female's number of offspring differed at different ages, but also, at how the reproduction of daughters differed depending on how old their mother was at the time of birth.
“Because of the short summer season in these harsh conditions, each female has a maximum of one litter per year. However, there is a lot of variation in reproduction, which makes this an interesting system to study. Some females skip reproduction in some years, and other females reproduce every year of their life. There is also quite a lot of variation in litter size, which ranges between zero and ten pups.”
“Interestingly, we found that on average, daughters which were born to older mothers, had larger litters at every point in life. Thus, daughters born to older mothers also had more offspring throughout their entire lifetime and were therefore much more successful in terms of passing on their genes to the next generation!”
The Marmot Queen
“I have always had a (not so) secret passion for fluffy things,” Dr. Kroeger says. “Growing up in Luxembourg with pets from an early age, I was obsessed with both rodents and lagomorphs (i.e. hares and rabbits). I had my first pet hamster when I was six years old. Later I had more hamsters, rabbits and guinea pigs. I still have two rabbits today, which are free roaming in my flat.”
Svenja B. Kroeger also has an interest in insects, plants and birds. She has worked with many different taxa (groups of plants and animals) and she finds them all fascinating in their own way. In social media, she is known as the Marmot Queen.
“Working with marmots was like a dream come true. These beautiful fat squirrels are fantastic creatures, and I feel lucky to have spent so much time with them.”
Before she came to Norway, Dr. Kroeger was involved in a roadside ecology project, far away on a tropical island in West Central Africa. For one year, she lived on Bioko in Equatorial Guinea and studied differences in bird diversity at roadsides versus rainforest interior sites.
For the last 14 months she has been working at NIBIO in Trondheim, doing research on how roads and other transport infrastructure impacts biodiversity.
Biodiversity loss is a major concern
As many people around the world, Dr. Kroeger is worried about the future, climate change and worldwide biodiversity loss.
“The way we treat our planet and other living creatures is heartbreaking”, she says. “We share this planet with lots of other species. We should respect them and nature in general.”
Many people around the world are fighting to protect the environment. Slowly but surely, this raises awareness and reaches more and more people that are joining the cause. However, it really is crucially important to also reach politicians and people in leading positions.
“We should all be compassionate and respectful towards other living creatures. I think every day should be “World Wildlife Day””, Dr. Kroeger concludes.
Reference:
Svenja B. Kroeger el al., "Older mothers produce more successful daughters," PNAS (2020). www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1908551117
