Scientists make food from fish spines and chicken carcasses

The new prototype products will largely consist of legumes combined with protein and other nutrients from fish and poultry byproducts.

Examples of these are fish heads, fish spines and chicken carcasses, which are otherwise discarded or used in low-value feed products.

Researchers will also try to improve the texture and nutritional profile of plant products by adding Norwegian seaweed, microalgae and insect larvae. In other words, a hybrid in every sense of the word, where all the raw materials that are towards the bottom of the food chain or would have gone to waste are interesting to develop for use in food.

Senior scientist Åge Oterhals at the Norwegian research institute Nofima is leading the HybridFoods project. He and his colleagues are working to develop nutritious products that have a fibrous meat structure by using new processes and extrusion technology.

Juicier products

“By using raw materials that have been processed as little as possible and in the best possible way, we will be able to reduce the energy consumption and achieve a better fibrous structure and juicier products,” Oterhals says.

But why start mixing animal ingredients into things if you are making a product that is first and foremost plant-based?

“Plant proteins do not have an optimal composition of nutrients, but this can be improved by adding fish and chicken byproducts, insects, seaweed and algae. In other words, a product adapted for flexitarians. We will also find out if these raw materials can improve texture, taste and smell,” Oterhals says.

Such products may be of interest to people who are concerned about reducing their consumption of red meat and minimising the environmental footprint of the food they eat.

Improved fish powder

The idea to develop hybrid products came about when Oterhals was conducting research on fish powder. His aim was to find alternative utilisation of heads and spines that were left over onboard fishing trawlers after the fish had been gutted and the fillets frozen.

In Norway alone, as much as 80,000 tonnes of this raw material is discarded each year, but it can be a valuable food source. In collaboration with the fishing industry, scientists have now made an improved and more neutral-tasting powder from this raw material. It has a high nutritional content.

It soon became clear that this whitefish powder can be combined with plant proteins in meat analogue products. The scientists want to develop a broader palette of raw materials, without all of them having to be included in the same product at the same time.

“There is a lot of interest in this type of product development, especially in Europe. What distinguishes our idea from most others is that we try to combine plant protein characteristics with other sustainable raw materials in the texturisation process,” Oterhals says.

Texturisation is a method in which a dough is processed and kneaded in an extruder during heat treatment, before coming out through a cooling nozzle where a fibrous meat-like structure is formed.

“This technology provides good opportunities to improve texture and sensory characteristics, so we will try to achieve this,” Oterhals says.

Taste, nutritional quality and environmental effect

Nofima has specialised infrastructure and expertise for processing raw materials to be used in formulated food products. Texture and sensory characteristics such as taste and smell are evaluated by Nofima’s trained judges in the sensory laboratory.

Scientists at the University of Bergen will evaluate the nutritional quality and bioactivity of new products developed in the project, while the Norwegian School of Economics in Bergen will evaluate environmental and social impacts based on life cycle assessments and cost-benefit analyses.

This article/press release is paid for and presented by Nofima The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research

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